The canadian criminal code Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Evolution of the Canadian Criminal Code The laws of the United States have been revised numerous times, and the Criminal Code of Canada is similar. The Criminal Code is a systematically arranged body of law dealing with crime. The code has been revised multiple times over the past century by the federal government to help accommodate the numerous laws that have been applied to Canadian citizens. The history of homicide in the Criminal Code has evolved from having no degrees of murder in 1892 to having three types of culpable homicide (Leyton). The Canadian Criminal Code has changed over the years to accommodate the needs of changing times, such as amendments for gun control and the elimination of the death penalty. In 1892, the Criminal Code of Canada was established, copying much of the English 1878 bill. â€Å"The Canadian Criminal code which copied the English bill of 1878 has been revised numerous times to accommodate the needs of the Canadian citizens† (Monroe). At that time there was no distinguishing between different types of murder through degrees of severity, because the punishment for every type of murder was the death penalty, and manslaughter was a life sentence in prison (Designs). In 1955, a major reform was carried out and the Canadian Criminal Code was reduced from 1100 sections to only 753. The president of the Law Reform Commission of Canada did this major reform and noted, "It is too complicated. It is too illogical. It is poorly organized. It is not comprehensive and it is too intrusive. We deserve a Criminal Code that is modern, simple, logical, coherent, comprehensive, organized, understandable and restrained" (â€Å"What †). One of the advantages of the reform was the addition of a constitutional principle that no person was to be convicted of an offense unless it had been provided specifically for in a statute. Even though the reform brought many new changes, the Criminal Code was not fully revised because in 1961 there were other changes done to the Code. In this change, the code included degrees of murder and divided the murders into capital and non-capital murder. The punishment for capital murder was death, while non-capital murder was punishable by life in prison (Leyton). Capital murder was categorize... ...s well as other countries, Canada uses the lethal injection and the electric chair as methods of punishment, although the lethal injection is by far the most common. Indeed the laws for Canadian citizens have changed numerous times over the years to help them accommodate the changes in their nation. Works Cited Bralove, Alisa. â€Å" Mass murder to get new sentence.† Dolan Media Newswire. 09 September 2003: Page 1. Designs, Alissa. â€Å"The History of Homicide in the Criminal Code.† Victims Of Violence. Online 13 October 2003. < alissa’sdesigns@rogers?subject=victims%200f%20violence.com> Dessert, James. â€Å"Criminal Timeline of Canada.† Canada's Criminal Code: A History. Online. Internet. 11 October 2003. Garibay, Maria D. Personal Interview. 16 October 2003. Geter, Peter. â€Å" Murder of Crying baby was premeditated.† Daily Record. 23 June 2003: Page 1. Leyton, Elliott. â€Å" Homicide.† Canadian Encyclopedia. 1998 Ed. Monroe, Susan. â€Å"Criminal Law.† Criminal Timeline of Canada. Online. Internet 09 November 2003. â€Å"What is first-degree murder?† World Wide Information Association. Online. Internet. 09 November 2003.

Macroeconomics Economics Commentary †patterns in America’s unemployment statistics Essay

Unemployment is defined as â€Å"individuals who are actively seeking for a job but cannot find one.† The rate of unemployment however is the number of employed individuals expressed as a proportion of the labour force. During the recent 2010 recession, the United States (US) faced an incredibly large unemployment rate. Despite the fact that America has mostly recovered from the recession, some sectors of the American economy have not yet left the ‘recessionary zone.’ In this article, the dilemma of American teenagers and blacks discrimination is discussed. The statistics given from the article demonstrate a decrease in the rate of unemployment within the American economy. This is illustrated in the graph below as we can see the aggregate supply of labour closing the gap between itself (in blue) and the aggregate demand in order to achieve market equilibrium. Statistically, this improvement can be seen by the drop in unemployment figures from 9.4% in December 2009 to 9.4% one year later in December 2010. Analysing the situation, numerous factors could have resulted in this dip. Primarily, gender discrepancy should be taken into respect. Females dominated industries have increased in size such as education and healthcare industries. Supporting my analysis, the rate of unemployment for women minimally fell by 0.1% unlike their male counterparts whom suffered greater losses. Males as a result saw a greater decrease in their unemployment percentages, falling by 0.8% in comparison to the female’s 0.1% probably due to discriminating reasons, academic motives or other social aspects. Another yet the most principle core dispute raised in the article is the fact that blacks and teenagers are being discriminated suffering from the highest rates of unemployment. Teens topped a high unemployment percentage of 25.4% whilst blacks a little lower tallied at 15.8%. Logically this makes sense for teenagers (assuming they are in the job searching range of 16 to 19 years old), in this age group most teenagers have had little professional experience as emphasis is placed on completing their high school diploma, meaning that the labour force is fundamentally less productive as these teenagers would have no or relatively no real previous real work experience in comparison to an elder person making them less appealing to employers. A growing number of teenagers choose to work as servers/waiters as a consequence of preference and taste for the job yet more importantly, due to their lack in qualifications to work in offices and large firms. As laws enforcing compulsory education up to a certain age become stricter and a higher number of adolescent individuals choosing to complete their studies exists, these individuals are not counted in the ‘pool of unemployment’ as they do not wish to have a job at that moment in time. By estimating, blacks who seem to comprise largely of adults seem however to be facing discriminatory reasons resulting in their rather high unemployment rate. America could modify a few of its structural policies in order to circumvent such dramatic results if a recession were to occur again. Firstly, better and wider training programmes in all academic fields should be offered to students at schools. If the education became more flexible, offering courses in a wider range of subjects, the creation of a possibly more productive workforce is probable and more importantly, having acquired many skills and talents, these teenagers would be capable of finding new jobs in case of a structural change in the economy that demands different skills. Another policy could be to fundamentally ensure that every teenager is granted some type of access to good education/training programme. Lastly, as teenagers in school are not recorded as part of the unemployment rate, the rate of unemployment could be reduced if the government were to provide some type of incentive for teenagers to go back to/attend school. Not only would this reduce unemployment figures in the short run, it would mean that these same teenagers will be capable to offer society much more as they would have gained professional qualifications According to Alicia Robb,†Asians are the most educated, so when you have the largest pool of workers, employers are going to pick the most qualified† Robb’s statement explains the situation of the Asian race, having suffered the lowest increase in unemployment yet highest fall un unemployment figures from 8.4% in December 2009 to 7.2% a year later. Recently, a voluminous amount of Asians have flocked to the United States. Not only do they usually obtain higher qualified or greater work experience but Asian labour has been branded to be relatively cheap lowering a firm’s total costs, increasing profits. The later generation of these Asians (20 – 30 years old) are thus already qualified enough due to the development in America after 1980s and most of them are employed in good companies and are very well paid now. The young generation of Asians, which are contributed to the teenagers are now concentrating on education in America and most of them would go back to their countries after graduating.

Investigating the Effects of Surface Area on the Rate of Reaction Essay

Aim: To study the effects of changing the surface area on the rate of a chemical reaction Hypothesis: This hypothesis is based on the Collision Theory, where in order to react, the two particles involved must: 1. Collide with each other 2. The collision must be energetic enough to overcome the activation energy of the reaction 3. The collision must bring the reactive parts of the molecule into contact the correct way – they must collide with appropriate geometry (the reactive parts) Considering that the surface area of a particle is a factor that mainly affects the collision rate of particles, it would be safe to assume that as the surface area increases, the reaction rate increases. The graph should turn out to be something like this: 1. the reaction is the fastest at the start 2. The reaction is slowing down here 3. No more product is formed Amount of product Time Variables: Variable Factor What is manipulated Dependent Time The time it takes for the reaction to complete depends on the surface area of the compounds being used, because it determines the rate in which the reaction will occur. Independent Volume of the gas collected (H2, CO2) The amount of gas collected for each experiment will depend on the Controlled 1. Mass of Calcium Carbonate (both marble chips and powdered form) 2. Mass of Magnesium (both ribbon and powder) 3. Volume of Hydrochloric Acid 4. Apparatus Used 1. The masses of the substances utilized will remain constantly fixed during the experiment 2. 50 cm3 of HCl will be used for every trial – 550 cm3 in total 3. The apparatus used will remain the same throughout the whole experiment Chemical Reactions: Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2 1. Magnesium ribbon 2. Hydrogen Gas will be the gas collected 1. 3 Trials will take place 1. Mass of Magnesium ribbon in: 1. Trial 1: 0.064 grams 2. Trial 2: 0.063 grams 3. Trial 3: 0.065 grams CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 1. Marble Chips 2. Carbon Dioxide will be the gas collected 1. 2 Trials will take place 1. Mass of Marble Chips in: 1. Trial 1: 3.998 grams 2. Trial 2: 3.988 grams Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 1. Sodium Carbonate (Powdered) 2. Carbon Dioxide will be the gas collected 1. 2 Trials will take place 1. Mass of Sodium Carbonate 1. Trial 1: 0.504 grams 2. Trial 2: 0.505 grams Apparatus: 1. Eye-Protection – 1 pair of Safety Glasses 2. 1 pair of Scissors 3. 1 Electronic Scale 4. 1 Conical Flask (100cm3) 5. 1 Single-holed rubber bung and delivery tube to fit conical flask 6. 1 Measuring cylinder (100cm3) 7. Stopwatch Chemicals: 1. 12cm of Magnesium Ribbon 2. 550 cm3 of Hydrochloric Acid 3. Marble Chips 4. Sodium Carbonate (Powdered) Method: 1. Set up apparatus as shown 2. Fill the conical flask with 50cm3 of HCl 3. Insert the end of the syringe into the hole on top of the stopper 4. Add the magnesium ribbon 5. Seal the flask with a rubber stopper as quickly as you can, at the same time have someone else present to start the stop watch once the magnesium ribbon has been added to the hydrochloric acid 6. As the reaction takes place, note down the time it takes for the gas collected to reach a multiple of 5 (i.e. 5mL, 10mL †¦.50,55,60,65 etc) 7. Keep measuring until the reaction has stopped, or you are unable to measure anymore 8. Repeat each experiment 3 times, just to be sure the data collected is accurate 9. At step 4, replace the underlined compound with the next compound after one experiment is completed Conclusion Unfortunately I was unable to create a graph using time as the independent variable, because the lab that I had utilized did not have the equipment available to accurately to record the data if time were to be the independent variable. Another factor that played into my decision was the fact that the smallest calibration of the glass syringe I used was 5 cm3. Since the only visible measurements shown on the syringe were multiples of 5, it would only seem reasonable that I switch around the variables, making time the dependent variable, and the volume collected the independent variable, since I couldn’t exactly measure how much gas would be collected every 5 seconds; otherwise the relationship the graph would depict would be completely incorrect. As you can see on the graphs, the slightly steep slopes show when the reaction is the quickest, as it should be in the beginning. The curve shows the reaction slowing down, but unfortunately the curve continues. This is because the reaction is still taking place. I was unable to record the rest of the data because the measuring tools that were available weren’t able to record to such a high degree. In some cases though, like in the powdered sodium carbonate experiment, the reaction began so quickly that I wasn’t able to record the time in most cases, so I just stuck with those that I had managed to note down. In other cases, there were so many distractions in the lab that it was difficult to remain focused. My classmates kept removing some if the items that I was using. The idea was to see how the rate of reaction changed when the surface area of a substance was increased. Initially, my plan was to react magnesium ribbon and magnesium powder with 1 mole of Hydrochloric acid; so I could compare and contrast how the surface area of the substance affected the rate of reaction. I had planned to keep everything about the two substances the same. Its element, mass, the amount of Hydrochloric acid I was going to react with it; the only thing different would be its surface area. Unfortunately the Lab didn’t have any available. So I decided to do the same experiment to Calcium Carbonate, this time using marble chips and powdered calcium carbonate. To my dismay I found that the powdered calcium carbonate wasn’t reacting at all. So I had to change it to sodium carbonate. There is skepticism about using different elements, seeing as they have different orders of reactivity. These factors, including the concentration of the acid used, could also affect the rate of reaction. However, the same acid concentration was used for all experiments, in all trials; so we can dismiss that. However, sodium is much higher up the reactivity series than calcium, which is higher up the reactivity series than magnesium. This is the problem with this experiment; the elements positions in the reactivity series could have really altered the rate of reaction. However, the experiments still prove that when the surface area of a substance is increased, the rate of reaction increases as well. This happens because, when two substances react only the surface particles of the substances can come into direct contact with the reactant particles. Increasing a substance’s surface area, like turning big solid chunks of calcium carbonate into powder, leaves more solid particles available to react. The more particles available to react at one time, the faster the rate of the reaction. Like this: Only atoms on the surface can react If you break the substance down, more atoms are exposed and ready to react. Evaluation Considering the lack of material available, I think I was able to manage the experiment fairly enough to produce results. However, I am not pleased with the factors that may or may not have affected my results, and the circumstances in which I had to switch my variables around. Therefore I would like to state a few things I would like to alter, if ever I got the change to do this experiment again. 1. Apparatus 1. Next time, instead of using a stopwatch, I would like to use a digital device, like a laptop for example, that was somehow connected to the glass syringe, which was programmed to record the volume of the gas collected every 5 seconds. This time the graph would turn out the way it should be. 2. Instead of using a measuring cylinder, I would replace it with a burette, as it takes more accurate measurements of liquids. 1. Chemicals Used 1. I would try and used the same element next time; the only difference would be the surface area. For example, if I used magnesium, to study the effects of surface area on the rate of reaction, I would only you magnesium ribbon and magnesium powder. Studying different elements with different reactivity’s would dismiss any data already collected because an element’s position on the reactivity series may also determine the rate of reaction. Use the same element. 1. Amount of People involved in the experiment 1. If I had to do the experiment again, with the same apparatus, I think I would like to have 3 people participating in the collection of data. 1 person would be watching the syringe rise and call out to record whenever it rose, the 2nd person would time it, and the 3rd person would record it. This time, the data may be even more accurate, because no one is taking their eye off the experiment, like I was doing during my experiment just to record data. I feel that altering these aspects of the experiment would increase the level of accuracy, as to get more substantial data to calculate the order of reaction. Unfortunately with the data I have so far, I am unable to derive the concentrations of the substances I had utilized in my experiment. However, as the objective was to investigate whether or not different surface areas affected the rate of the reaction, I think that I have produced enough data to support my theory.

Free Essays on Something New Paper

Something New Paper I wasn’t too sure what I was going to do for my something new project and I kind of hate what I decided to do. For my something new paper I decided to go to a clinic and get tested for A.I.D.S. I wasn’t sure what I was in for, and had no clue what to expect. I decided to bring one of my friends with me, because I was scared and didn’t want to go alone. I wasn’t scared of letting them take the blood, I was scared of the wait. During the wait I wasn’t myself, it was as if I wasn’t there. All I could think about is what the results would be. I kept thinking about the treatment I would have to go through for the rest. How nothing would be the same. People looking at me differently. I think one of the scariest moments in my life is taking thing test and waiting. Even though I knew I practiced safe sex before, it made me think. Think a lot harder about the choices that others and myself make. You never know what someone else has done because they could be lying to you. Someone could not even know if they have a disease, and just give it to people. Which is why it is very important to go and get tested if you have had unprotected sex. To sit and wait around to find out if you have a deadly disease that could possibly kill you. Change everything in your life. Is beyond scary. It makes you think harder about being careful and not have unprotected sex. Not just A.I.D.S., there are many other diseases that people can get. This new experience that I have gone through was rough. I didn’t like that I had to wait around for the results and worry, when there is nothing that I should worry about. Going through this new experience had made me concentrate on having nothing but safe sex, if I decided to even have sex. If I do decided to have sex I will also make sure to bring it up in conversation, and maybe suggest to the other sex to go get tested just to be safe.... Free Essays on Something New Paper Free Essays on Something New Paper Something New Paper I wasn’t too sure what I was going to do for my something new project and I kind of hate what I decided to do. For my something new paper I decided to go to a clinic and get tested for A.I.D.S. I wasn’t sure what I was in for, and had no clue what to expect. I decided to bring one of my friends with me, because I was scared and didn’t want to go alone. I wasn’t scared of letting them take the blood, I was scared of the wait. During the wait I wasn’t myself, it was as if I wasn’t there. All I could think about is what the results would be. I kept thinking about the treatment I would have to go through for the rest. How nothing would be the same. People looking at me differently. I think one of the scariest moments in my life is taking thing test and waiting. Even though I knew I practiced safe sex before, it made me think. Think a lot harder about the choices that others and myself make. You never know what someone else has done because they could be lying to you. Someone could not even know if they have a disease, and just give it to people. Which is why it is very important to go and get tested if you have had unprotected sex. To sit and wait around to find out if you have a deadly disease that could possibly kill you. Change everything in your life. Is beyond scary. It makes you think harder about being careful and not have unprotected sex. Not just A.I.D.S., there are many other diseases that people can get. This new experience that I have gone through was rough. I didn’t like that I had to wait around for the results and worry, when there is nothing that I should worry about. Going through this new experience had made me concentrate on having nothing but safe sex, if I decided to even have sex. If I do decided to have sex I will also make sure to bring it up in conversation, and maybe suggest to the other sex to go get tested just to be safe....

Close Presidential Election. essays

Close Presidential Election. essays An Extraordinary Moment in Our Democracy Since the beginning of politics, never has our country seen such a close presidential election. It has been almost two weeks since the election and there is still so much controversy going on in Florida, the state that will more than likely determine the winner of this election. There is a lot of spin in this election between the candidates, their campaign advisors, the media, and the political analysts. Each candidate, along with their campaign advisors, have a completely different outlook as to what is going on in this election. New information and legal battles keep surfacing everyday from both sides. It has been hard to keep up with the information and then decide which side is telling the truth and/or taking the legal battles too far. So, what is the spin given by the involving parties? When is this election going to end and what will the impact be on future elections? While no one will be able to accurately predict the ending, America does hope it ends soon. The oth er two questions, although almost impossible to answer simply, can be answered by looking what has been going on in the past week and a half and analyzing what spin the media has put on this election. Almost immediately after Florida announced it had to conduct a recount because the votes between the two candidates were too close to call, America knew that the election for the forty-third president would make history. For the first time in our history, America cannot decide who the next president-elect will be. A series of legal action pursuits and recounts are enveloping the media and its viewers. The day after election night Al Gore portrayed that Floridas recount should be conducted without any rush to judgment. While George W. Bush very cautiously declared victory in the presidential race. The Democrats indicated that it could be days or weeks before the nation knows its next presid...

How to Write a Good Thesis Statement

How to Write a Good Thesis Statement In composition and academic writing, a  thesis statement (or controlling idea) is a  sentence  in an essay, report, research paper, or speech that identifies the main idea and/or central purpose of the text. In  rhetoric, a  claim  is similar to a thesis. For students  especially, crafting a thesis statement can be a challenge, but its important to know how to write one because a thesis statement is the heart of any essay you write. Here are some tips and examples to follow. Purpose of the Thesis Statement The thesis statement serves as the organizing principle of the text and appears in the  introductory paragraph. It is not a mere statement of fact. Rather, it is an idea, a claim, or an interpretation, one that others may dispute. Your job as a writer is to persuade the reader- through the careful use of examples and thoughtful analysis- that your argument is a valid one. Developing Your Argument Your thesis is the most important part of your writing. Before you begin writing, youll want to follow these tips for developing a good thesis statement: Read and compare your sources: What are the main points they make? Do your sources conflict with one another? Dont just summarize your sources claims; look for the motivation behind their motives.Draft your thesis: Good ideas are rarely born fully formed. They need to be refined. By committing your thesis to paper, youll be able to refine it as you research and draft your essay.Consider the other side: Just like a court case, every argument has two sides. Youll be able to refine your thesis by considering the counterclaims and refuting them in your essay. Be Clear and Concise An effective thesis should answer the reader question, So what? It should not be more than a sentence or two. Dont be vague, or your reader wont care. Incorrect: British indifference caused the American Revolution. Correct: By treating their U.S. colonies as little more than a source of revenue and limiting colonists political rights, British indifference contributed to the start of the American Revolution. Make a Statement Although you do want to grab your readers attention, asking a question is not the same as making a thesis statement. Your job is to persuade by presenting a clear, concise concept that explains both how and why. Incorrect: Have you ever wondered why Thomas Edison gets all the credit for the light bulb? Correct: His savvy self-promotion and ruthless business tactics cemented Thomas Edisons legacy, not the invention of the lightbulb itself. Don't Be Confrontational Although you are trying to prove a point, you are not trying to force your will on the reader. Incorrect: The stock market crash of 1929  wiped out many small investors who were financially inept and deserved to lose their money. Correct: While a number of economic factors caused the stock market crash of 1929, the losses were made worse by uninformed first-time investors who made poor financial decisions.

Management Consulting Research on Waste Management Essay

Management Consulting Research on Waste Management - Essay Example Any lapse in healthcare waste management can pose health risks to the health care workers, waste handlers and also to the general public (www.healthcarewaste.org) Although there is growing awareness in this field and most of the health care institutions are taking steps towards effective health care waste management, there is another very risk prone area and that is domestic health care waste. Many studies have been done on how to improve waste management at hospitals and other health care centers but not much has been done in the field of waste generated at homes. Environmental studies have shown presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment like air and water. These environmental hazards have to be handled on two fronts: - how to nullify the ill-effects of these pollutants and more importantly how to control it at source. This research proposes to study the sources i.e. dumping of household pharmaceutical wastes into the sewer systems, sewer discharges from hospitals, doctor's offices, clinics, nursing homes, runoff from veterinary uses, and sewer discharges from patients themselves in their urine and feces (Daughton, 2003). So far most of the studies have been focused on status of water quality in pharmaceutical waste managment, little has been done ... Pharmaceutical use is common-In U.S., in the past six months, about three out of five residents have taken at least one over-the-counter drug product whereas 54% have taken a prescription drugs (NCPIE, 2002). The status of household pharmaceutical waste management While the awareness regarding the drugs is widely spreading, awareness about management of unwanted pharmaceuticals is limited, disjointed, conflicting and often absent. Uncontrolled sewer disposal remain unchanged, despite the well-publicized threat to water quality. There are laws that define and classify any waste pharmaceutical as hazardous waste based on toxicity, reactivity, corrosivity, ignitability, or exceeding threshold limit values (Pharmaceuticals.org). They are controlled by different state authorities, for example in California it falls under the regulatory authority of the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) (Beckman, 2004). But there is no accurate reference list available for identifying which pharmaceuticals are hazardous waste and which are not (Beckman, 2004; Smith, 1999). General examples of pharmaceuticals that would be hazardous waste can be: any aqueous formulation containing 24% or more alcohol, sanitizing or topical preparations containi ng solvents like rubbing alcohol as they are ignitable; nitroglycerin as it is reactive; lindane as it is toxic; vaccines, eye and ear drops with mercury or m-cresol preservatives as they are toxic or exceed threshold limit value. Most of the hazardous waste is managed by the household waste management as there is no clear classification or awareness. Even if there was data available to allow differentiation of hazardous pharmaceuticals from non-hazardous pharmaceuticals, it would not